Events for the 12th of October from Wikipedia:

• 1976: Indian Airlines Flight 171 crashes at Santacruz Airport in Bombay, India, killing 95. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_171
• Birth (1971) of Bronzell Miller, American football player and actor (d. 2013) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzell_Miller
• Death (2014) of Roberto Telch, Argentinian footballer and coach (b. 1943) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Telch
#history #events #historical #today @histodons

For the people out there—including some high-profilers—who say of the USA that “this is not who we are”, let me invite you to read these books on the history of the USA, which shows quite the opposite:

"The Counter-Revolution of 1776: Slave Resistance And The Origins Of The United States Of America", by Prof. Gerald Horne

"Before The Mayflower: A History Of Black America", by Lerone Bennett Jr.

"A People's History Of The United States", by Howard Zinn

#books #history #usa

This cracks me up. Regarding the grand staircase of the Central Library, which is a major source of civic pride here:

"The murals surrounding the staircase were painted by Pierre Puvis de Chavannes. They are his only work outside of France, and he took the commission on the condition that he would not travel to Boston."

Yeah, as if Paris was such a great place to hang out in the 1880s! If you didn't die from cholera or tuberculosis first, then the Prussian army would probably shoot you. Thanks for the art Pierre but you can keep the snobbery

#Boston #libraries #architecture #murals #France #history

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Three mural panels above the Grand Staircase, surrounded by golden marble and a lion statue

LIMBS. Duke of limbs; a tall awkward fellow.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): LIMBS. Duke of limbs; a tall awkward fellow. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

TOAD EATER. A poor female relation, and humble companion, or reduced gentlewoman, in a great family, the standing butt, on whom all kinds of practical jokes are played off, and all ill humours vented.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): TOAD EATER. A poor female relation, and humble companion, or reduced gentlewoman, in a great family, the standing butt, on whom all kinds of practical jokes are played off, and all ill humours vented. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

Events for the 11th of October from Wikipedia:

• 1811: The Juliana begins operation as the first steam-powered ferry in New York harbor. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stevens_(inventor,_born_1749)
• Birth (1978) of Trevor Donovan, American actor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Donovan
• Death (1971) of Tamanoumi Masahiro, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 51st Yokozuna (b. 1944) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamanoumi_Masahiro
#history #events #historical #today @histodons

CURMUDGEON. A covetous old fellow, derived, according to some, from the French term coeur mechant.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): CURMUDGEON. A covetous old fellow, derived, according to some, from the French term coeur mechant. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

BUGAROCH. Comely, handsome. IRISH.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): BUGAROCH. Comely, handsome. IRISH. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

Events for the 10th of October from Wikipedia:

• 1928: Chiang Kai-shek becomes Chairman of the Republic of China. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek
• Birth (1984) of Troy Tulowitzki, American baseball player https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Tulowitzki
• Death (2003) of Eugene Istomin, American pianist (b. 1925) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Istomin
#history #events #historical #today @histodons

CRACKMANS. Hedges. The cull thought to lope by breaking through the crackmans, but we fetched him back by a nope on the costard which stopped his jaw—the man thought to escape by breaking through the hedge, but we brought him back by a blow on the head which laid him speechless.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): CRACKMANS. Hedges. The cull thought to lope by breaking through the crackmans, but we fetched him back by a nope on the costard which stopped his jaw—the man thought to escape by breaking through the hedge, but we brought him back by a blow on the head which laid him speechless. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

NeWS (Network extensible Window System) was a discontinued windowing system developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid-1980s. Initially called "SunDew," its key architects were James Gosling and David S. H. Rosenthal. NeWS notably used the PostScript language for drawing and programming the display.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeWS

#unix #history

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The NeWS Toolkit screen snapshot

HUNTSUP. The reveillier of huntsmen, sounded on the French horn, or other instrument.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): HUNTSUP. The reveillier of huntsmen, sounded on the French horn, or other instrument. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

Hi!, I'm a bot posting selections from Francis Grose’s 1785 “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue”, a compilation of slang terms, the coded language of the underclass and the demi-monde.

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Events for the 9th of October from Wikipedia:

• 1914: World War I: The Siege of Antwerp comes to an end. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I
• Birth (1955) of Steve Ovett, English runner and sportscaster https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ovett
• Death (1972) of Miriam Hopkins, American actress (b. 1902) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Hopkins
• Holiday: World Post Day https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Post_Day
#history #events #historical #today @histodons

Hi! I'm a bot posting events which happened on today's date, at random from Wikipedia’s lists. Historic events, births, deaths and holidays/religious days if there’s room.

Not affiliated with Wikipedia.

#FollowFriday #history #events #historical #today #random

HOBBLEDYGEE. A pace between a walk and a run, a dog-trot.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): HOBBLEDYGEE. A pace between a walk and a run, a dog-trot. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

FIELD LANE DUCK. A baked sheep's head.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): FIELD LANE DUCK. A baked sheep's head. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

Events for the 8th of October from Wikipedia:

• 1821: The Peruvian Navy is established during the War of Independence. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Navy
• Birth (1882) of Harry McClintock, American singer-songwriter and poet (d. 1957) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_McClintock
• Death (923) of Pilgrim I, archbishop of Salzburg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_I_(archbishop_of_Salzburg)
#history #events #historical #today @histodons

SMITHFIELD BARGAIN. A bargain whereby the purchaser is taken in. This is likewise frequently used to express matches or marriages contracted solely on the score of interest, on one or both sides, where the fair sex are bought and sold like cattle in Smithfield.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): SMITHFIELD BARGAIN. A bargain whereby the purchaser is taken in. This is likewise frequently used to express matches or marriages contracted solely on the score of interest, on one or both sides, where the fair sex are bought and sold like cattle in Smithfield. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

MUCKINDER. A child's handkerchief tied to the side.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): MUCKINDER. A child's handkerchief tied to the side. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

Events for the 7th of October from Wikipedia:

• 2000: Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Hezbollah militants capture three Israeli Defense Force soldiers in a cross-border raid. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict
• Birth (1986) of Amy Satterthwaite, New Zealand cricketer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Satterthwaite
#history #events #historical #today @histodons

BREWES, or BROWES. The fat scum from the pot in which salted beef is boiled.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): BREWES, or BROWES. The fat scum from the pot in which salted beef is boiled. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

NOSE GENT. A nun.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): NOSE GENT. A nun. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

Events for the 6th of October from Wikipedia:

• 1789: French Revolution: King Louis XVI is forced to change his residence from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution
• Birth (1989) of Tyler Ennis, Canadian ice hockey player https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Ennis_(ice_hockey)
• Holiday: Christian feast of Sagar of Laodicea https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagar_of_Laodicea
#history #events #historical #today @histodons

DISHCLOUT. A dirty, greasy woman. He has made a napkin of his dishclout; a saying of one who has married his cook maid. To pin a dishclout to a man's tail; a punishment often threatened by the female servants in a kitchen, to a man who pries into the secrets of that place.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): DISHCLOUT. A dirty, greasy woman. He has made a napkin of his dishclout; a saying of one who has married his cook maid. To pin a dishclout to a man's tail; a punishment often threatened by the female servants in a kitchen, to a man who pries into the secrets of that place. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

From Contributors to Wikimedia projects:

Huygens' Ring Hypothesis
and later developments

Christiaan Huygens began grinding lenses with his father Constantijn Huygens in 1655 and was able to observe Saturn with greater detail using a 43× power refracting telescope that he designed himself. He was the first to suggest that Saturn was surrounded by a ring detached from the planet, and famously published the letter string "aaaaaaa­ccccc­deeeeeg­hiiiiiii­llllmm­nnnnnnnnn­oooopp­qrrs­tttttuuuuu". Three years later, he revealed it to mean Annulo cingitur, tenui, plano, nusquam coherente, ad eclipticam inclinato ("Saturn is surrounded by a thin, flat, ring, nowhere touching the body of the planet, inclined to the ecliptic"). He published his ring hypothesis in Systema Saturnium (1659) which also included his discovery of Saturn's moon, Titan, as well as the first clear outline of the dimensions of the Solar System.

In 1675, Giovanni Domenico Cassini determined that Saturn's ring was composed of multiple smaller rings with gaps between them; the largest of these gaps was later named the Cassini Division. This division is a 4,800-kilometre-wide (3,000 mi) region between the A ring and B Ring.

In 1787, Pierre-Simon Laplace proved that a uniform solid ring would be unstable and suggested that the rings were composed of a large number of solid ringlets.

In 1859, James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that a nonuniform solid ring, solid ringlets or a continuous fluid ring would also not be stable, indicating that the ring must be composed of numerous small particles, all independently orbiting Saturn. Later, Sofia Kovalevskaya also found that Saturn's rings cannot be liquid ring-shaped bodies. Spectroscopic studies of the rings which were carried out independently in 1895 by James Keeler of the Allegheny Observatory and by Aristarkh Belopolsky of the Pulkovo Observatory showed that Maxwell's analysis was correct.

#space #saturn #science #astronomy #physics #nature #history

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Huygens' ring hypothesis in Systema Saturnium (1659) Diagram showing how Saturn's appearance to us changes due the changing positions of the Earth (E) and Saturn as they orbit the Sun (G). Bottom: Huygens's observation of Saturn presenting its rings to us at their greatest inclination. CREDIT Christiaan Huygens

From Contributors to Wikimedia projects:

SATURN AS SEEN BY GALILEO. Detail of the letter sent by Galileo to Belisario Vinta, written in Padova on 30.07.1610. The shape of Saturn first seen by the Pisan astronomer, squared in green. Here Galileo writes: "It is that the star of Saturn is not a single one, but an aggregate of three that almost touch each other and that never move or change with each other, they are arranged in a row along the Zodiac, the middle one being three times larger than the other two lateral ones and being situated in this way: oOo,..."

From "Galileo-Kepler. The Message and the Sidereal Messenger", Alianza Editorial. 1984. In another letter addressed to Giuliano de Medici, Galileo writes: "... I observed that the highest planet was threefold: that is, with great admiration on my part I have observed that Saturn is not a single star, but three together that almost touch. They are completely immobile with each other, arranged in this way oOo, the middle one being much larger than the lateral ones. They are situated one to the east and to the west of the other, exactly in a straight line. They are not just according to the line of the Zodiac, but the western line rises somewhat to the north; perhaps they are parallel to the equator.

If it were observed with a spectacle that was not of great magnification, three very different stars would not appear, but Saturn would appear to be an elongated star in the shape of an olive, like this [small ellipse]; but by means of a spectacle that multiplies more than a thousand times on the surface, the three globes will be seen very clear and almost touching, not appearing between them a division greater than a subtle dark thread..."

Image Credit:
Galileo Galilei - Museo Galileo Galilei, Florence. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Ms. Gal. 86, f. 42r

#space #saturn #astrophotography #photography #science #astronomy #physics #nature #history #NASA #ESA #education

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SATURN AS SEEN BY GALILEO. Detail of the letter sent by Galileo to Belisario Vinta, written in Padova on 30.07.1610. The shape of Saturn first seen by the Pisan astronomer, squared in green. Here Galileo writes: "It is that the star of Saturn is not a single one, but an aggregate of three that almost touch each other and that never move or change with each other, they are arranged in a row along the Zodiac, the middle one being three times larger than the other two lateral ones and being situated in this way: oOo,..." From "Galileo-Kepler. The Message and the Sidereal Messenger", Alianza Editorial. 1984. In another letter addressed to Giuliano de Medici, Galileo writes: "... I observed that the highest planet was threefold: that is, with great admiration on my part I have observed that Saturn is not a single star, but three together that almost touch. They are completely immobile with each other, arranged in this way oOo, the middle one being much larger than the lateral ones. They are situated one to the east and to the west of the other, exactly in a straight line. They are not just according to the line of the Zodiac, but the western line rises somewhat to the north; perhaps they are parallel to the equator. Image Credit: Galileo Galilei - Museo Galileo Galilei, Florence. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Ms. Gal. 86, f. 42r

DOCTORS. Loaded dice, that will run but two or three chances. They put the doctors upon him; they cheated him with loaded dice.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): DOCTORS. Loaded dice, that will run but two or three chances. They put the doctors upon him; they cheated him with loaded dice. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

Events for the 5th of October from Wikipedia:

• 1910: In a revolution in Portugal the monarchy is overthrown and a republic is declared. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution
• Birth (1963) of Nick Robinson, English journalist and blogger https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Robinson_(journalist)
• Death (1992) of Eddie Kendricks, American singer-songwriter (b. 1939) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Kendricks
#history #events #historical #today @histodons

TO CRIB. To purloin, or appropriate to one's own use, part of any thing intrusted to one's care.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): TO CRIB. To purloin, or appropriate to one's own use, part of any thing intrusted to one's care. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

CHOCOLATE. To give chocolate without sugar; to reprove. MILITARY TERM.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): CHOCOLATE. To give chocolate without sugar; to reprove. MILITARY TERM. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

Events for the 4th of October from Wikipedia:

• 1997: The second largest cash robbery in U.S. history occurs in North Carolina. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Loomis_Fargo_Robbery_in_North_Carolina
• Birth (1874) of John Ellis, English executioner (d. 1932) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ellis_(executioner)
• Death (2020) of Kenzō Takada, Japanese-French fashion designer (b. 1939) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Takada
#history #events #historical #today @histodons

#history #empire #Roman #American

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If you tolerate this in the Roman movies Late republic 1st century BC Principate 2nd century AD Late antiquity 5th century AD You MUST tolerate this too American revolution American Civil war Iraq war

APPLE DUMPLIN SHOP. A woman's bosom.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): APPLE DUMPLIN SHOP. A woman's bosom. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

Malarazza / Evil Race

You are complaining, what are you complaining about?
Pick up a stick and bare your teeth.
You are complaining, what are you complaining about?
Pick up a stick and bare your teeth.
You are complaining, what are you complaining about?
Pick up a stick and bare your teeth.

A servant, a long time ago, inside a square,
prayed Christ on the cross and he was telling him:
«Christ, my master mistreats me,
he treats me like a dog in the street.
He takes everything with his filthy hand,
he says that not even my own life is mine.
Destroy it, Jesus, this evil race!
Destroy it, Jesus, do it for me! do it for me!

You are complaining, what are you complaining about?
Pick up a stick and bare your teeth.
You are complaining, what are you complaining about?
Pick up a stick and bare your teeth.

And Christ replies me from the cross:
‹Why, did you break your arms?
Those who want justice, must do it by themselves.
No one will do it for you anymore now.

If you are a man and not a mad man,
listen carefully to this judgment of mine,
because I wouldn't be nailed on the cross
if I had done what I am telling you to do,
because I wouldn't be nailed on the cross.›

You are complaining, what are you complaining about?
Pick up a stick and bare your teeth.
You are complaining, what are you complaining about?
Pick up a stick and bare your teeth.
You are complaining, what are you complaining about?
Pick up a stick and bare your teeth.
You are complaining, what are you complaining about?
Pick up a stick and bare your teeth.

https://www.folkmusicworld.com/malarazza-domenico-modugno

#resist #music #history #italy #uspol #grobi_muzak

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"Malarazza" is a song released by Domenico Modugno, in 1976 as the A-side of the single Malarazza/Nè con te nè senza te. The history of this Sicilian song is complicated and tormented. In the form in which it is best known, it was recorded and published in 1976 by Domenico Modugno. [...] The text is in fact taken from an anonymous sonnet, probably eighteenth-century, "Lament of a servant to a crucified Saint", published in 1857 by the poet and philologist of Acireale, Lionardo Vigo Calanna, Marquis of Gallodoro (1799-1879). Lionardo Vigo Calanna dedicated the song "to the poor Christs of the Duchy of Bronte" after receiving it from the abbot Carmelo Allegra of Messina. An anti-noble and anticlerical protest song composed of a stanza of ten hendecasyllables and an octave, the "Lamento" is a dialogue between a laborer and an effigy of Jesus perceived as the last bastion in defense of the humble. In the short text, the laborer, a metaphor for the Sicilian people who have been accustomed for centuries to suffer abuse and bow their heads in the face of injustice, lists the suffering suffered because of his master and invokes divine punishment: "Signuri, 'u me' patruni mi scrambles, / he treats me like a dog on the street; / everything is taken with his hand". Christ's response is not long in coming and is surprising, because instead of preaching Christian forgiveness and reiterating the inexorability of divine justice, he calls on the man to raise a stick and to bare his teeth ..

CARDINAL. A cloak in fashion about the year 1760.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): CARDINAL. A cloak in fashion about the year 1760. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

Events for the 3rd of October from Wikipedia:

• 1989: A coup in Panama City is suppressed and 11 participants are executed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Panamanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt
• Birth (1962) of Tommy Lee, Greek-American singer-songwriter, drummer, and producer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee
• Holiday: October 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_3_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)
#history #events #historical #today @histodons

LIGHT-FINGERED. Thievish, apt to pilfer.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): LIGHT-FINGERED. Thievish, apt to pilfer. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

Enlightenment thinkers built democracy on a fiction: rational citizens who never existed

I’ve distilled the argument into a six-premise syllogism — a logical skeleton that shows how institutional assumptions collapse against human cognition, Arrow’s impossibility theorem, and Dunbar’s limits of scale.

https://philosophics.blog/2025/10/02/rational-ghosts-why-enlightenment-democracy-was-built-to-fail/?utm_source=mast&utm_medium=social

#politicalphilosophy #democracy #rationality #enlightenment #socialchoice #psychology #sociology #philosophy #blog #models #philosophy #history #rationality #fail #essay

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Schematic for syllogism

CREEPERS. Gentlemen's companions, lice.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): CREEPERS. Gentlemen's companions, lice. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

Hi!, I'm a bot posting selections from Francis Grose’s 1785 “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue”, a compilation of slang terms, the coded language of the underclass and the demi-monde.

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Events for the 2nd of October from Wikipedia:

• 1470: The Earl of Warwick's rebellion forces King Edward IV of England to flee to the Netherlands, restoring Henry VI to the throne. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
• Birth (1914) of Jack Parsons, American chemist, occultist, and engineer (d. 1952) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Parsons_(rocket_engineer)
#history #events #historical #today @histodons

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DROP. The new drop; a contrivance for executing felons at Newgate, by means of a platform, which drops from under them: this is also called the last drop. See LEAF. See MORNING DROP.

A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)

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Image imitating a page from an old document, text (as in main toot): DROP. The new drop; a contrivance for executing felons at Newgate, by means of a platform, which drops from under them: this is also called the last drop. See LEAF. See MORNING DROP. A selection from Francis Grose’s “Dictionary Of The Vulgar Tongue” (1785)